Abstract

This study investigates the impact of shading devices on occupant thermal comfort in residential buildings
within Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. Using a survey-based methodology, 120 questionnaires were distributed, with 102
valid responses analysed alongside a checklist assessing building orientation, form, shading, vegetation, and window
placement1. Results show that 51% of surveyed buildings had shading devices, and occupants in these buildings
reported higher levels of thermal comfort: 29.4% felt neutral and 13.7% felt slightly cool, compared to those in
unshaded buildings, where 15.7% felt hot and 10.7% felt warm1. Most respondents (45.1%) wore short-sleeve shirts,
reflecting adaptation to the prevailing indoor climate. The findings reveal that buildings with shading devices and
optimal orientation (north-south) significantly enhance occupant comfort, reducing reliance on energy-intensive
cooling systems. This research quantifies the relationship between specific passive design strategies and user-reported
comfort in a tropical Nigerian context, providing practical guidance for architects and policymakers to improve
thermal comfort and energy efficiency in residential design by outfitting it with shade structures, as well as landscaping
and plants, to limit indirect solar radiation.